Nutrient Absorption in the Digestive System

Digested molecules of food, as well as water and minerals from the diet, are absorbed from the cavity of the upper small intestine. The absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the blood, mainly, and are carried off in the bloodstream to other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change. This part of the digestive system process varies with different types of nutrients. Nutrient Absorption in the Digestive System Carbohydrates An average American adult eats about half a pound of carbohydrate each day. Some of our most common foods contain mostly carbohydrates. Examples are bread, potatoes, pastries, candy, rice, spaghetti, fruits, and vegetables. Many of these foods contain both starch, which can be digested and fiber, which the body cannot digest. The digestible carbohydrates are broken into simpler molecules by enzymes in the saliva, in juice produced by the pancreas, and in the lining of the small intestine. Starch is digested in two steps: First, an enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice breaks the starch into molecules called maltose; then an enzyme in the lining of the small intestine (maltase) splits the maltose into glucose molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is stored or used to provide energy for the work of the body. Table sugar is another carbohydrate that must be digested to be useful. An enzyme in the lining of the small intestine digests table sugar into glucose and fructose, each of which can be absorbed from the intestinal cavity into the blood. Milk contains yet another type of sugar, lactose, which is changed into absorbable molecules by an enzyme called lactase, also found in the intestinal lining. Protein Foods such as meat, eggs, and beans consist of giant molecules of protein that must be digested by enzymes before they can be used to build and repair body tissues. An enzyme in the juice of the stomach starts the digestion of swallowed protein. Further digestion of the protein is completed in the small intestine. Here, several enzymes from the pancreatic juice and the lining of the intestine carry out the breakdown of huge protein molecules into small molecules called amino acid. These small molecules can be absorbed from the hollow of the small intestine into the blood and then be carried to all parts of the body to build the walls and other parts of cells. Fats Fat molecules are a rich source of energy for the body. The first step in digestion of a fat such as butter is to dissolve it into the water content of the intestinal cavity. The bile acids produced by the liver act as natural detergents to dissolve fat in water and allow the enzymes to break the large fat molecules into smaller molecules, some of which are fatty acids and cholesterol. The bile acids combine with the fatty acids and cholesterol and help these molecules to move into the cells of the mucosa. In these cells, the small molecules are formed back into large molecules, most of which pass into vessels (called lymphatics) near the intestine. These small vessels carry the reformed fat to the veins of the chest, and the blood carries the fat to storage depots in different parts of the body. Vitamins The large, hollow organs of the digestive system contain muscle that enables their walls to move. The movement of organ walls can propel food and liquid and also can mix the contents within each organ. Typical movement of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine is called peristalsis. The action of peristalsis looks like an ocean wave moving through the muscle. The muscle of the organ produces a narrowing and then propels the narrowed portion slowly down the length of the organ. These waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ. Water and Salt Most of the material absorbed from the cavity of the small intestine is water in which salt is dissolved. The salt and water come from the food and liquid we swallow and the juices secreted by the many digestive glands. In a healthy adult, more than a gallon of water containing over an ounce of salt is absorbed from the intestine every 24 hours. Digestion Control A fascinating feature of the  digestive system  is that it contains its own regulators. Hormone Regulators The major hormones that control the functions of the digestive system are produced and released by cells in the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine. These hormones are released into the  blood  of the digestive tract, travel back to the  heart  and through the  arteries, and return to the digestive system, where they stimulate digestive juices and cause organ movement. The hormones that control digestion are gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK): Gastrin causes the stomach to produce an acid for dissolving and  digesting some foods. It is also necessary for the normal growth of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, and colon.Secretin causes the  pancreas  to send out a  digestive juice  that is rich in bicarbonate. It stimulates the stomach to produce pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein, and it also stimulates the liver to produce bile.CCK causes the pancreas to grow and to produce the enzymes of pancreatic juice, and it causes the gallbladder to empty. Nerve Regulators Two types of  nerves  help to control the action of the digestive system. Extrinsic (outside) nerves come to the digestive organs from the unconscious part of the  brain  or from the  spinal cord. They release a chemical called acetylcholine and another called adrenaline. Acetylcholine causes the muscle of the digestive organs to squeeze with more force and increase the push of food and juice through the digestive tract. Acetylcholine also causes the stomach and pancreas to produce more digestive juice. Adrenaline relaxes the muscle of the stomach and intestine and decreases the flow of blood to these  organs. Even more important, though, are the intrinsic (inside) nerves, which make up a very dense network embedded in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. The intrinsic nerves are triggered to act when the walls of the hollow organs are stretched by food. They release many different substances that speed up or delay the movement of food and the production of juices by the digestive organs. Sources Your Digestive System and How It Works. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Updated Sept. 2013. Web. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Anatomy/your-digestive-system/Pages/anatomy.aspx.

Bartleby Is A Victim Of The Capitalist Way Of Life

In a society where work is portrayed as needed, individuals that prefer not to are seen as rebels and enemies of the capitalist way of life. I think that Bartleby is a victim of this capitalist way of life, him and the Queen are cultural rebels, they represent the absurdity of work and the necessity of identity. First and foremost, Capitalism wants people to work it doesn’t want people to prefer not to work, the working man needs to work in order for the economy to keep on rolling. The rich men of capitalism want the working man to keep on working for their money to come in. Without work capitalism crashes. That is why Bartleby is thrown in prison, this is why he is constantly persecuted and questioned by the narrator, the narrator is confused because he is used to capitalism and it’s way of working, Bartleby is nothing but the odd one out of this system. When Bartleby stops producing copies, his life slowly gets worst, it leads him to go in prison and rot for the rest of his days. Bartleby lives in a society that wants nothing but constant production. He is crushed by the money-making monster that is capitalism. No one wants Bartleby to work in their establishment because he doesn’t want to work. To this society someone who does not want to work is regarded as a lazy pe rson who leeches off of others. The narrator tries to get Bartleby to stay away from him, he doesn’t want anything to do with him near the end, capitalism has consumed the narrator it shows that it hasShow MoreRelated batleby the scrivener Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pages quot;Bartleby the Scrivenerquot; is a complex story, so I am going to zero in on one particularly interesting and intelligent aspect of it. Due to the power of the message even this one particular aspect will be complex, of course. The first thing to note is that the story has a first-person narrator. The narrator, an anonymous lawyer, is in fact a major character in his own right. Ostensibly the story is about Bartleby and his actions as a scrivener. However, what the story is really about,Read More`` Bartleby, The Scrivener, And Harlan Ellison s `` Repent, Harlequin !1256 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone in the society around them acts. Therefore, someone who is not deemed as being â€Å"normal† cannot be seen as having a healthy mind and having a good sense of judgement because they are too perceptive to the world around them. In Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† and Harlan Ellison’s â€Å" ‘Repent, Harlequin!’ Said the Tickto ckman† the principal characters are ostracized by the society’s they live in for this very reason. Being that both of the characters are mindful enough to rebel against whatRead MoreRelationship Between Society And The Individual2194 Words   |  9 Pagesthe individual and society that is reflected in the written pieces of each time, revealing the connection between oneself and the collective spanning across the centuries. ‘The Scarlet Letter’, written in a Puritan world, and ‘Bartleby, The Scrivener’, written in capitalist America, are two key examples of literature that expose, detail and discuss the relationship between society and the individual in American history. Alexis de Tocqueville (1835), a French political thinker, stated that individualismRead More Suicide in Bartleby and Life in the Iron Mills Essay2656 Words   |  11 PagesSuicide in Bartleby and Life in the Iron Mills Life in the Iron Mills and Bartleby are centered on characters who are alienated laborers, looking for means through which they cannot be deprived of their humanity. Hugh Wolfe and Bartleby are both workers who have been victimized by the capitalistic system. As Karl Marx explains, the capitalistic system exploits the laborer and thus robs the laborer of his humanity through alienating the laborer. Both Wolfe and Bartleby become victims of the

International Auditing Assurance Standards †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Auditing And Assurance Standards Board? Answer: Introducation This discussion will be based on the recent changes that were implemented by the PCAOB in the manner in which audit reports are delivered with specific reference to the risks involved in such transactions. One of the major risks is the liability of the auditors which is a major concern. Besides, much emphasis will be laid on the comparison between the suggestions of the PCAOB and the requirements of the IAASB where the differences and similarities will be discussed. (Louwers, 2016) The recent key changes that were instituted by the PCAOB included the provision of information to the entrepreneurs and the intention was to improve their understanding of the report provided by the auditors and the forthcoming importance of the same. The other additional improvement upon the report was that it suggested a thorough discussion of the audit matters. These are matters that border on the disclosure of the material facts as well as the financial documentations whose subject matter may not be easily comprehensible owing to the complexity of the financial matters as it was mentioned earlier. The new standards would require that the period of tenure under which an auditor should serve in a company must be laid bare. This involves information concerning the exact year when they began their service (Jha, 2013). The requirements of the new changes indicate that the auditors must design a viable plan to address the concept of whether the misstatements in the accounting records w ere carried out by virtue of fraudulent acts or through erratic means. Nonetheless, the changes were to be effected in various phases. This would allow the users of the reports ample time to consume the information while the auditing companies would also be in a better position to cater for the critical issues that they have been tasked to perform. The period under effective implementation has been put in the bracket between the year 2017 and 2020. (Hall, 2010) It must be noted that all the changes suggested by the PCAOB do not apply to some institutions. Apparently, companies in the category of new growth are not affected by the new changes. Other parties include investment firms, dealers, brokers and other players that carry out similar transactions as the aforementioned. Generally, the reception by both the public and the investment community has been positive and there is optimism that the changes would transform the auditing activities. Most importantly, the quality of information dissemination would be improved through the new standards. (Chartered, 2015). The stakeholders of the PCAOB have moved to assure the target groups who are expected to be affected by the changes. They believe that such information would expose the risks faced by the auditors. Various quarters including the media have been quick to respond to the impending risks to be faced by the auditors. They hold that the auditors would bear most burdens that they should no t be responsible for. (Jha, 2013) As mentioned earlier, the IAASB also has a set of requirements in regard to the auditing policies. Some of the requirements are similar to those of the PCAOB while a number of them exhibit differences, although not extensively since the roles of both bodies are virtually overlapping. The first similarity is that both institutions have policies that govern and reprimand those parties that are charged with fraudulent acts in the accounting practices (Messier, 2012). The policies suggest that criminals who engage in those activities be charged in the courts of law for committing economic crimes. Both respect the international accounting standards and not the subjective views as practiced in many nations. The major difference is that the PCAOB lays more emphasis on the quality of information whereas the IAASB is conservative. It has been discussed before that the PCAOB has had to make changes about communication unlike the IAASB. (Gay, 2012) Explain the reasons/motivation for the changes and critique whether these changes are likely to achieve their aims. The motivation behind the changes made by the PCAOB can be attributed to the changes in the nature of the business environment today. The dynamics demand for the reforms that must be implemented to suit the current market. For instance, the tastes and preferences keep changing and there must be adequate information to update the stakeholders. Another change that was discussed was that the audit matters must be thoroughly dissected. The reason behind this is that total quality is a virtue and it should be upheld at all costs (Leung, 2012).Therefore by all means, these changes will achieve the intended aims because of their quality. Outline the likely impact of the audit reporting on audit practice. The new audit report has a massive impact on the audit practice because first of all, it will empower the public as well as the investment community with relevant information. Through the discussion of the critical matters in the auditing field, most of the loopholes would be sealed and the accounting personnel will be able to execute their duties diligently. Complexities in the financial errors would be solved through the newly instituted changes. (Gomez,2012). The future of auditing is quite bright and more institutions will be able to make financial gains through pragmatic accounting since the limitations are always being tackled. References Chartered, A. A. (2015). Auditing. Milton, QLD: Wiley Australia. Gay, G. E. (2012). Auditing and assurance services in Australia. North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill Education. Gomez, C. (2012). Auditing and assurance: Theory and practice. New Delhi: PHI Learning. Hall, J. A. (2010). Information technology auditing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Jha, A. (2013). Auditing and assurance. New Delhi: Taxman Allied Services. Leung, P. (2011). Modern auditing assurance services. Milton, Qld: John Wiley. Louwers, T. J. (2016). Auditing assurance services. management Messier, W. F. (2012). Auditing: A systematic approach. Boston, Mass: Irwin/McGraw-Hill

Lory Ice Religions of the WorldJournal 5 DATE @ & Essays - Religion

Lory Ice Religions of the WorldJournal 5 DATE \@ MMMM d, y February 12, 2017 Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma is one of the oldest practicing religions, today Jain is still active in India and as well as Canada. Jainism has no belief in a creator or G od, although there are a number of lesser Gods for various aspects of life. Jains believe that the universe and everything in it is eternal. Nothing that exists now was ever created, nor will it be destroyed. They also believe that the universe consists of three realms: the heavens, the earthly realm and the hells. Jainism was founded by Mahavira. Mahavira was born near Pant a during c. 599 BC. His father was a king. His disciples are called Jains or Jan which means followers or children of Victor. Jainism is also referred to as Jain and that is how they refer to themselves . Jainism spread t o north-eastern and north-western population cities after Mahavira ' s death. During this time, the monks began to argue, causing a split. This religion split into two different communities or churches. The the Digambaras and the Savetambara. The split between the two became final and exists to the present day. Digambar believe that a person should give up all their possessions including cloth ing . They wear no clothes and carry only a peacock feather to brush away insects from their walking path so that they do not harm them. Digambaras also only eat food once a day, they maintain a vow of nudity . The Digambar are anti-feminist and they believe that women cannot attain salvation in this life, w omen were condemned as th e greatest temptation and where thought to be the cause of all sinful acts. Women could not practice unity. The only way for them to be release d was to be born again as a man. However, a man could also be reborn as a woman. Svetembars are different from the Digambar s, they are given three pieces of cloth to wear, a begging bowl, and a wool whisk. They beg for their food and travel the countryside eight months of the year. Women can become nuns. Svetembaras wear plain white robes, nudity is optional . N ovice monks or nuns receives a whisk of yarn to remove insects from their path way as well. They decorate images with clothing of ornaments, and some wear a cloth over their mouth to prevent insects from being swallowed. Both sectors have their own scared books and commentaries. Jains have many beliefs that they follow, most are about peace and non - violence. Some of the beliefs that they follow are ahimsa, asceticism, karma, samsara, and the jiva. A himsa is a religious concept that teaches non - violence and a respect for all life. Including animal s , and most plant life are considered precious and must not be ha rmed. Jains are also forbidden from having an occupa tion that causes the devastation of life. Like hunting and fishing, eating meat, eggs, also to use any animal products including leather. They can not partake in animal sacrifice, drinking liquor, eating things like honey, potatoes , carrots, certain fruits, or even eating at night, are forbidden. Jains have been known to cover their face with a mask to guard against breathing in and destroying insect life or sweep the path before them as to avoid stepping on any life form. A sceticism believes in not participating in any worldly pleasures and becoming a monk. Monks must take five vowels and live their lives wandering between temples and meditating. Karma is also believed in the Jains religion like in the Hindu religion. However Jains believe that karma is in a form of matter. They do not believe in good or bad karma but try to avoid all karma. Samsara is the cycle of life , death , and rebirth . Going from one life to the other. Jainism is a religion of love and compassion, with an eternal universe. Jainism is very closely related to Hinduism and is the minority religion of India. Hinduism and Jainism do however have different views on how